Role of Social Media in Education Sector

Question: Expound on theRole of Social Media in Education Sector. Answer: Presentation The use of informal organizations (SNs) is a making wonder in both individual and canny life. Interpersonal organizations imply mechanical congregations utilized to draw in clients for social connection. It enhancements and updates educating in standard study halls. The capacity of internet based life to make intuition and encouraged push to profit learning was seen early, and expansive examination to date has been driven in instruction. For instance, Facebook, YouTube, web journals and wikis give a tremendous proportion of significouldce on a wide arrangement of subjects. The pivotal objectives of this review are to find the effect of social structures association contraptions on the frameworks for learning and instruction normally, to inspect the standard issues that understudies confront while utilizing these systems, and to pick if the standard learning methodology should be changed in this season of Web 2.0 advances (Vasilijevi? 2015). Writing Review Informal communities in Education In the couple of past years, there has been snappy progression in the attainable quality and take-up by different schools and colleges of exhibiting their courses to their understudies on the web, and the sufficiency of learning by utilizing contrasting social systems association contraptions has stretched out because of the expansion in blueprint of these electronic courses for understudies. With the expanding headway of PC innovation, the strategy for study hall educating has moreover changed from plain conveys to interactive media introductions (Beatty 2013). The basic three best informal organizations in instruction are Facebook, Twitter and Classroom 2.0 (Tess 2013). Understudies once in a while utilize by and large informal organizations (i.e., Twitter, Facebook, Classroom 2.0, YouTube, etc) for assorted responsibilities and around 60% of these understudies state they utilize social structures association mechanical congregations to banter about classes, for taking in outside from school, and getting ready for school (Masic, Sivic and Pandza 2012). Understudies also account that they are utilizing text informing, talking, online discussions and blogging, for example, MySpace and Facebook for informational occasions, checking joint effort on school ventures. Twitter, Facebook and YouTube are the contraptions generally abused by the understudies since clients, and especially understudies, interface and exchange information in feasibly reasonable manners (Saw et al. 2013). The Positive Impact of Social Networking in Education The effect of person to person communication has been exemplified by the use of three models (Hogg 2016). 'Abstract norm,' 'bunch standard,' and 'social personality' models have all shown the impact of long range informal communication on people conduct. The impact on understudies of seeing the significouldce of informal organizations has changed their direct by attracting with their conventional points of interest and obsessions. E-learning has transformed into a fit contraption these days and makes an extreme impact on its customers. It gives modified, wise learning and could in addition bolster self-inspiration. This mechanical party realized a development in the enthusiasm for e-learning market that has ended up being basic for a couple of establishments and schools since it helps them to continue and to be successful (Alexa, Alexa and Stoica 2012). There are four basic social programming mechanical assemblies: 1) Collaborate data disclosure, 2) Connectivity and social compatibil ity, 3) Content criticism, and 4) Content change and information and data gathering (Thackeray, Neiger and Keller 2012). Wilson (2013) offers four built up models for consuming SNs: 1) Form a social occasion (by exchanging information), 2) Empower energetic people (to benefit by every contraption and change it to important information), 3) Come up with an awe inspiring idea (to confer to other people), and 4) Meet a need to make a relationship (through chasing down what satisfies you). Casual correspondence makes customers more prodded to learn, especially in cutting edge training. Understudies have the receptiveness to make an open profile to bestow to different customers (Fardoun et al. 2012). It is astoundingly esteemed for teachers to be able to post through online systems administration media destinations about class works out, schoolwork coursework and even school events. This guides the instructors, gatekeepers and understudies to all remain in understanding about what is continuing at school. Destinations like Facebook moreover engage educators to easily give through private messages to gatekeepers and understudies as opposed to leaving phone messages and hold on for a return to (Ranieri, Manca and Fini 2012). The Negative Impact of Social Networking in Education An audit by Paul, Baker and Cochran (2012) displays that understudies' assessments could be affected unfavorably by using long range interpersonal communication contraptions and passing by heaps of locales. Understudies could without a doubt be preoccupied from an undertaking, and it could be wearisome for teachers to tell who is centering or not. Like this, putting more vitality in Facebook appears to achieve a bringing down of understudy assessments. What's more, a couple of students are not using the system, for example, e-learning, in fitting ways, which has moreover achieved neglect to gain ground (Clark and Mayer 2016). Informal organizations enable people to post everything - different understudies who use Facebook for posting embarrassing, unsettling, and ruinous substance in substance, photos, and chronicles which hurt others (Kwan and Skoric 2013). Understudies may manhandle having the extension to get to virtual systems administration in the study hall and use it for discr ete uses as opposed to for school related errands. If understudies are not for all intents and purposes checked it is trying to separate how, if by any stretch of the imagination, that they are misusing web based systems administration misguidedly in the midst of class time (Fewkes and McCabe 2012). On the off chance that understudies are recognized for taking consideration in class talks through virtual systems administration destinations, this could impact their capacity to connect with very close and vis-à-vis conditions (Friesen and Lowe 2012). A couple of understudies have gone over virtual irritating by means of virtual systems administration destinations. In the event that virtual systems administration is passable in schools, this could increase virtual pestering where understudies set up malignant messages focusing on hassling various understudies (Whittaker and Kowalski 2015). Benchmarking Analysis of Higher Education The advanced education segment is confronting expanding rivalry, worries for responsibility and the enormous measure of accessible data is changing the activities of advanced education establishment. Online life has been helping them successfully and profitably order the economical and significant changes, and is incorporating the craving for persistent learning. Advanced education and its establishments search for getting spoke to in the media in a cutting edge and outwardly engaging way. Individuals rely upon web based life for illuminating questions and sharing data, which the advanced education establishments can use for sharing significant updates. Internet based life helps by being brief and expert. Advanced education establishments can utilize it spread occasions and offer significant subtleties. Online networking is likewise intended to give confirmations to the clients to fabricate their certainty, which the advanced education part can use to communicate sentiments and give a protected and secure stage for information sharing. End This paper inspected a part of the positive and negative impressions of using person to person communication as a technique for getting the hang of, suggesting that a high pace of understudies were impacted emphatically. In addition, Web 2.0 instruments, for example, sites, Facebook, Twitter, and online courses, are giving understudies better learning opportunities to redesign their enlightening execution. From this time forward, it could be contemplated that the standard learning and demonstrating styles ought to be adjusted in the hour of Web 2.0 progressions to engage understudies to take in additional. References Alexa, E.L., Alexa, M. what's more, Stoica, C.M., 2012. The utilization of web based advertising and online life in advanced education establishments in Romania.Journal of Marketing Research Case Studies,2012, p.1. Beatty, K., 2013.Teaching exploring: Computer-helped language learning. Routledge. Clark, R.C. what's more, Mayer, R.E., 2016.E-learning and the study of guidance: Proven rules for customers and planners of interactive media learning. John Wiley Sons. Fardoun, H.M., Alghazzawi, D.M., Lpez, S.R., Penichet, V.M. also, Gallud, J.A., 2012. Online interpersonal organizations sway in auxiliary training. InInternational Workshop on Evidence-Based Technology Enhanced Learning(pp. 37-45). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Fewkes, A.M. also, McCabe, M., 2012. Facebook: Learning apparatus or distraction?.Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education,28(3), pp.92-98. Friesen, N. also, Lowe, S., 2012. The flawed guarantee of web based life for training: Connective learning and the business imperative.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,28(3), pp.183-194. Hogg, M.A., 2016. Social personality hypothesis. InUnderstanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory(pp. 3-17). Springer International Publishing. Kwan, G.C.E. also, Skoric, M.M., 2013. Facebook tormenting: An expansion of fights in school.Computers in Human Behavior,29(1), pp.16-25. Masic, I., Sivic, S. also, Pandza, H., 2012. Informal organizations in clinical instruction in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Materia socio-medica,24(3), p.162. Paul, J.A., Baker, H.M. also, Cochran, J.D., 2012. Impact of online person to person communication on understudy scholastic performance.Computers in Human Behavior,28(6), pp.2117-2127. Ranieri, M., Manca, S. also, Fini, A., 2012. Why (and how) do instructors participate in interpersonal organizations? An exploratory investigation of expert utilization of Facebook and its suggestions for long lasting learning.British Journal

The Islands Cuba, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles Essay

The Islands Cuba, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles - Essay Example A large number of the first occupants passed on from maladies that were brought to Cuba by the showing up mariners. The principal Spanish settlements were built up in Cuba in 1511. This compares near the primary appearance of the Spanish in the Netherlands Antilles in the mid 1500s. The Spanish additionally reached Barbados in 1536. Spanish conquistadors held onto the Caribs on Barbados to be utilized as ranch slaves and when the British settlements showed up during the 1620s, the island was uninhabited. Inside 100 years of contact by Spanish travelers, each of the three local populaces had been annihilated or subjugated. During the 1600s, the standard of the islands changed hands from the Spanish to other European nations. Cuba stayed a Spanish state while Barbados was settled as a British province. The Dutch caught the Netherlands Antilles during the 1600s. Under European pilgrim rule, every one of the three islands experienced comparative circumstances during the years 1600-1900. During these hundreds of years, each of the three settlements abused the sugar advertise. The enormous sugar manors required the importation of subjection. The slave work was principally from Africa, however Barbados imported slaves from the Celtic countries of Scotland and Ireland. Subjection was annulled in every one of the three provinces in the nineteenth century. ... The relatives of the liberated slaves keep on overwhelming the populaces of these islands. Relatives of the Celts that were imported to Barbados are the absolute most unfortunate occupants there today. During the time of huge sugar estates and bondage, the islands were controlled by the governments of the Dutch, England, and Spain. Cuba, which had gone under Spanish standard, experienced during these years a harsh guideline. Barbados and the Netherlands Antilles were under pilgrim decide that was less abusive. The Spanish guideline in Cuba brought about a rebel contrary to Spanish principle in 1898, which eventually brought about the Spanish-American war. During this period, Cuba expelled the Spanish and it turned into an American protectorate. Barbados fared better during this period, however the descendent slave populace kept on living outside the standard political range. Barbados had disappointed the female vote and furthermore had a pay capability to have the option to cast a ballot. Distress toward the start of the twentieth century prompted enormous uprisings by the relatives of previous slaves. In 1942, the salary capability was brought and ladies were permitted down to cast a ballot. While the English governed Barbados was moving towards more prominent opportunity, Cuba was creeping into a progression of abusive fascisms. Fulgencio Batista was the military chief and later President of Cuba starting in 1933. Batista managed a degenerate and oppressive police state. During his standard, he frequently quieted his faultfinders through brutality, which brought forth a composed restriction drove by Fidel Castro. Castro's supporters had the option to remove Batista in 1959 when he fled the nation. At that point, Castro was viewed as a master vote based system development and self-rule was clearing the Caribbean countries. In 1954 the Netherlands Antilles had gotten an

Cyclothymia in Children and Adolescents

Cyclothymia in Children and Adolescents Depression Childhood Depression Print Cyclothymia in Children and Adolescents Symptoms, Treatment and Outcomes By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Image Source/Getty Images More in Depression Childhood Depression Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Suicide Cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia, is a mood disorder in which a child experiences alternating episodes of hypomania and depressive symptoms. Cyclothymia is considered to be part of the bipolar disorder spectrum, with mild but chronic symptoms. The Course of Cyclothymia Cyclothymic disorder involves periods of depressive symptoms alternating with periods of hypomania, which is an elevated mood state. In order to receive a diagnosis of cyclothymia, a child must experience symptoms for at least one year, with no more than two months free of symptoms. The onset of cyclothymia typically begins in adolescence, although it may begin as early as childhood. Although the rates of cyclothymia and other bipolar disorders in children and adolescents are not well established, the National Institute  of Mental Health reports the rate of cyclothymia as approximately 1% in children, and as high as 3% in adolescents. A family history of bipolar or cyclothymic disorder is a risk factor for developing cyclothymia. Some research suggests that cyclothymia is a risk factor for developing bipolar II disorder. Symptoms of Cyclothymia Symptoms of cyclothymia are considered to be mild enough to function. However, a child often experiences significant impairment in important areas of daily functioning. Symptoms of cyclothymia may include: IrritabilityShort or quick temperVery little or no sleep, but not feeling tiredEasily distractedLack of concentrationOverly joyfulRecurring thoughts of death or suicideFast speechRacing thoughtsDifficulty completing a taskEngaging in excessive reckless behavior, such as fast driving, overspending, substance abuse, etc. Children or teens with cyclothymia may be described as unreliable, moody, or temperamental because of unpredictable or irritable moods. For a diagnosis of cyclothymia, the depressive symptoms must not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, and the hypomanic symptoms must not meet the criteria for mania. Additionally, symptoms must not be better explained by substance use or another psychiatric or medical illness. Treatment Options for Cyclothymia Once a child is evaluated and diagnosed, her physician will consider all factors of her situation and determine the most appropriate treatment for her. Mood stabilizing medications, like lithium and mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants, are known to be effective for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Psychotherapy has also been shown to be an effective accompanying treatment. Antidepressant medications may be prescribed, but need to be used cautiously in children and adolescents with a family history of bipolar disorder, as they can potentially contribute to manic episodes or increased mood cycling. Outcomes of Cyclothymia Even though cyclothymia is considered to be a chronic disorder, appropriate treatment can significantly help manage symptoms. Without treatment, however, short- and long-term consequences associated with cyclothymia are: Low self-esteemInterpersonal relationship difficultiesSubstance use and abuseAcademic declineIncreased risk for suicide attempt Less than half of people with cyclothymia end up developing bipolar disorder and in some people, cyclothymia actually disappears with time. When to Seek Help If your child or adolescent has symptoms of cyclothymia or another bipolar disorder, talk to her pediatrician or a mental health professional. Cyclothymia is a serious medical illness that requires treatment. Treatment can significantly reduce the severity of symptoms and potentially prevent future episodes.

The Denver Center For Performing Arts - 1255 Words

The production A Christmas Carol was performed at the Denver Center for Performing Arts located in Denver, Colorado. I had the pleasure to attend the show on December 14th in the Stage Theater and I was captivated. This show captured the essence of a theatrical production. To avoid false impressions, the production I saw was performed in 2013. This is a foretaste for those thinking about attending the future performance in 2016; especially those who desire the theater experience. The Denver Center for Performing Arts has an exceptional reputation. The theater complex is coined the second largest performing arts center compared to Broadway. Their qualitative productions can attest to this and A Christmas Carol is no exception. A Christmas Carol was originally a novel written by Charles Dickens and has been adapted into numerous renditions. The Denver Center for Performing Arts has audiences experience the story in a different way, through the art of theater. Director Bruce K. Sevy, playwright adaptor Richard Hellesen and composer David de Berry captured the nature of the classic story and made it into a family friendly production perfect for the holiday season. Having knowledge and involvement in both the acting and the technical aspects of theater, I expected the production to deliver a qualitative performance that gave its audience the full experience. This experience is achieved by the elements of theater such as acting, lights, sounds, props, costume and set designShow MoreRelatedMod Assistants : A Service Company1503 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction A. Description of the business MOD Assistants is a service company who is headquartered in downtown Denver and whose clients are in the Denver Metro area. Currently, Denver is the only location for the business, but they are planning on franchising and spreading to other cities in the U.S. MOD Assistants was founded in 2009 by Brenda Parker, the original owner. 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Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River StreetRead MoreLady Gaga case study11446 Words   |  46 Pagespublic-relations people might undertake. The role also differed depending upon an artist’s career stage: a manager’s responsibilities often grew as an artist’s career took off.7 â€Å"I am the hub for all activities. I think of myself as the air traffic control center—just without the terminals,† said Carter about his job. â€Å"The reality of being a talent manager is that I risk my job every week,† he added. â€Å"Lady Gaga trusts my decisions. We are about breaking boundaries, which means we do something different

Elasmotherium Facts and Figures

The largest of all the prehistoric rhinoceroses of the Pleistocene epoch, Elasmotherium was a truly massive piece of megafauna, and all the more imposing thanks to its thick, shaggy coat of fur (this mammal was closely related to the contemporary Coelodonta, also known as the woolly rhino) and the huge horn on the end of its snout. This horn, which was made of keratin (the same protein as human hair), may have reached five or six feet in length, and was likely a sexually selected characteristic, males with bigger horns able to better attract females during mating season. For all its size, bulk and presumed aggressiveness, though, Elasmotherium was still a relatively gentle herbivore--and one well-adapted to eating grass rather than leaves or shrubs, as evidenced by its almost comically heavy, flat teeth and lack of characteristic incisors. Elasmotherium consists of three species. E. caucasicum, as you can infer by its name, was discovered in the Caucasus region of central Asia in the early 20th century; almost a century later, in 2004, some of these specimens were reclassified as E. chaprovicum. The third species, E. sibiricum, is known from various Siberian and Russian fossils excavated in the early 19th century. Elasmotherium and its various species appear to have evolved from another, earlier elasmothere mammal of Eurasia, Sinotherium, which also lived during the late Pliocene epoch. As to the exact relationship of Elasmotherium to modern rhinoceroses, it appears to have been an intermediate form; rhino wouldnt necessarily be the first association a time traveler would make when glimpsing this beast for the first time! Since Elasmotherium survived up to the cusp of the modern era, only going extinct after the last Ice Age, it was well known to the early human settlers of Eurasia--and may well have inspired the Unicorn legend. (See 10 Mythical Beasts Inspired by Prehistoric Animals.) Stories of a mythical horned beast vaguely resembling Elasmotherium, and called the Indrik, can be found in medieval Russian literature, and a similar animal is referenced in ancient texts from Indian and Persian civilizations; one Chinese scroll refers to a quadruped with the body of a deer, the tail of a cow, the head of a sheep, the limbs of a horse, the hooves of a cow, and a big horn. Quite possibly, these stories were imported into medieval European culture via translation by monks or word of mouth by travelers, thus giving birth to what we know today as the one-horned Unicorn (which, granted, resembles a horse much more than it does a rhinoceros!) Name: Elasmotherium (Greek for plated beast); pronounced eh-LAZZ-moe-THEE-ree-um Habitat: Plains of Eurasia Historical Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (two million-10,000 years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and 3-4 tons Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; thick coat of fur; long, single horn on snout

Bacteria History and ecology Free Essays

The word ‘bacteria’ is normally associated with disease-causing organisms, like the Streptococcus bacteria. While there are a considerable number of pathogenic bacteria that are notorious for such diseases as cholera, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea, such disease-causing species are a comparatively tiny fraction of the bacteria as a whole. There are approximately five nonillion (5? 1030) bacteria in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacteria History and ecology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bacteria are so widespread that it is possible only to make the most general statements about their life history and ecology (Berkeley Free Clinic, 1). There are bacteria that plays important role in the global ecosystem. They may be found on the tops of mountains, the bottom of the deepest oceans, in the guts of animals, and even in the frozen rocks and ice of Antarctica. One feature that has enabled them to spread so far, and last so long is their ability to go dormant for an extended period. There are specific methods in order to study and observe bacteria because they are not visible to the naked eye. Even with the use of microscope they are very difficult to spot without adding some stains that would render them visible. DETAILS Properties Bacteria are prokaryotic (no membrane-enclosed nucleus) that do not contain mitochondria or chloroplasts. They have single chromosome that are composed of close circle of double-stranded DNA with no associated histones. If flagella are present, they are made of a single filament of the protein flagellin; there are none of the â€Å"9+2† tubulin-containing microtubules of the eukaryotes (Users. rcn. com, 1). Their ribosomes differ from those of the eukaryotes. Bacteria have a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan that allows them to survive at long periods of time. They do not perform mitosis and mostly reproduce through asexual reproduction. Any form of sexual reproduction varies differently from the eukaryotes because they do not perform meiosis. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer but contains no cholesterol or other steroids (Users. rcn. com, 1). Most of bacteria form a single spore when their food supply runs low. This is the reason why pathogenic bacteria become infectious at the later part of the attack. Most of the water is removed from the spore and metabolism ceases. Spores are so resistant to adverse conditions of dryness and temperature that they may remain viable even after 50 years of dormancy (Users. rcn. com, 1). Environmental and Nutritive Requirements Most bacteria can be classified according to their response to oxygen. These are consist of three distinct group, Aerobic bacteria which thrives in the presence of oxygen, Anaerobic which cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, and facultative anaerobes which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen but are able to survive without it. Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for their continued growth and existence. On the other hand anaerobic cannot survive in the presence of gaseous oxygen. These bacteria live in deep underwater sediments, or in oxygen deprived environment such as those that cause bacterial food poisoning. Bacteria also differ in the mode and source of their energy. There are Heterotrophs that derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment. This includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely on fermentation or respiration. The other group, the autotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic) (Berkeley Free Clinic, 2). Chemoautotrophs are uncommon while photoautotrophs are more common and quite diverse. One particular bacteria offers a very interesting behavior because they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria. There are green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria, Other Bacteria include the cyanobacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. Role in the Global Ecosystem Bacteria play a very important role in maintaining the balance of our ecosystem. Through their ceaseless labor, they cycle nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. For example without bacteria to decompose rotten objects, our CO2 would have been depleted and all our plants would have ceased to exist. The process of decomposition releases nutrients back into the environment for plants and other living organisms. Bacteria also cycle nitrogen in the soil. Nitrogen is important for plants health and growth. Without these cycling processes all our plants would die and then humanity would have ran out of food. Gram Stain Bacteria happens to have a refractive index similar to water, therefore they are very difficult to spot from an aqueous sample. To solve this problem, biological stains are added so that microorganisms can be visualized. Stains are classified as either simple or differential. Simple stains impart the same color to all structures whereas differential stains contain more than one dye and impart different colors to various structures(Delost, 39). One very important method is the Gram Stain, which was first introduced by Hans Christian Gram in the late 1800s. It has been modified and adjusted numerous times. The Gram stain will differentiate gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria (Delost, 39). Gram stain is one form of a differential stain that is widely even in the methods. It consists of several reagents such as crystal violet, Gram’s iodine, ethyl alcohol or acetone, and safranin O or carbulfuchsin. Bibliography Unknown. (2000). Bacteria: Life History and Ecology. Retrieved on February 18, 2007 from the Berkeley Free Clinic website: http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/bacteria/bacterialh. html Unkown. (2006). Bacteria. Retrieved on February 18, 2007 from the Users. rcn. com website: http://users. rcn. com/jkimball. ma. ultranet/BiologyPages/E/Eubacteria. Delost, M. Introduction to Diagnostic Microbiology. (1997). Harcourt Brace Company Asia Pte Ltd. . How to cite Bacteria History and ecology, Papers

Theory Building Essay Essay Example

Theory Building Essay Essay Some of the theories used to explicate different facets of organisational direction include Maslow’s Hierarchical Theory of Needs and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. Harmonizing to Maslow’s theory physiological demands supervene psychological demands. Maslow’s theory provinces that certain demands which are congenital internal motives influence the determinations made by persons ( Landy A ; Conte. 2006. p. 335 ) . His theory allowed for the environment to play a important function in motivated behaviour by proposing that one time a set of demands are satisfied by environmental forces. the following higher demands are activated in an person. As opposed to Maslow’s theory. Freud places accent on the function of an individual’s head [ specifically his unconscious head ] in the finding of an individual’s motive. Within Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. an individual’s unconscious desires find his motives. Both theories can be used to explicate the motives behind individual’s actions and determinations within the field of concern. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Building Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Building Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Building Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How do propositions and hypotheses differ? Harmonizing to Zikmund ( 1988 ) a proposition is â€Å"a statement concerned with the relationship among constructs. It is an averment of a cosmopolitan connexion between events that have certain properties† ( p. 44 ) . As opposed to this. a hypothesis is â€Å"an unproved proposition or guess that tentatively explains certain facts or phenomena. It is a proposition that is through empirical observation testable† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 45 ) . The chief difference between the two may be traced to the investigatory usage of a hypothesis as the hypothesis is used to look into and prove a claim. It is of import to observe that the hypothesis itself is a proposition ; the difference of a hypothesis from other propositions simply lies in its usage to verify or distort a claim. Given this context one might thereby province that although a hypothesis is a proposition non all propositions are hypotheses. How make constructs differ from variables? Harmonizing to Zikmund ( 1988 ) a construct refers to a â€Å"generalized thought about a category of objects. properties. happenings. or procedure that have been given a name† ( p. 41 ) . As opposed to this. a variable is â€Å"a construct whose value changes from instance to case† ( Macionis A ; Plummer. 2005. p. 51 ) . See for illustration the construct ‘price’ wherein ‘price’ refers to the value of an object. Within the context of the section shop. the ‘price’ of different objects differ from each other due to the differences of the factors used in finding the value of an object. In add-on to this although some constructs may match to a set of empirical steps. non all constructs do as opposed to variables that may match to two or more values. Remark on this statement: â€Å"There is nil every bit practical as a good theory. † A theory refers to a â€Å"coherent set of general propositions used to explicate the evident relationships among certain ascertained phenomena† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 41 ) . Theories are of import as they provide a model for the analysis of a peculiar event. A theory may thereby supply an person with the necessary premises that may follow the ground for the happening of a peculiar event. In a sense. one might province that it provides an person with the causal account on how an event Q was caused by an event P. It is necessary nevertheless that the theory used for the account is a good theory. A good theory here refers to a theory whose â€Å"empirical content is less than or equal to the ‘logical content’† ( Boland. 1989. p. 56 ) . Such is the feature of a good theory since it ensures that the theory is through empirical observation verifiable and therefore testable. Given this context. there is nil every bit practical as a good theory since it ensures that one’s accounts for the happening of a peculiar event is continuously verifiable and hence testable and thereby easy proven to be valid easy. The 17th-century Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza said. â€Å"If the facts conflict with a theory. either the theory must be changed or the facts. † Harmonizing to Spinoza. when facts conflict with a theory there is a necessity to either alter the theory or alter the facts in order to guarantee the theory’s cogency. A theory is either formulated through the usage of inductive logical thinking or deductive logical thinking. Deductive concluding refers to â€Å"the logical procedure of deducing a decision about a specific case based on a known general premiss or something known to be true† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 46 ) . Inductive logical thinking. on the other manus. refers to the â€Å"the logical procedure of set uping a general proposition on the footing of observation of peculiar facts† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 47 ) . In the instance of a theory formulated utilizing a deductive statement. there is a demand to measure the cogency of propositions [ facts ] in order to guarantee the cogency and soundness of the statement. In the instance of inductive statements. the alteration or add-on of a proposition [ facts ] alterations the decision thereby taking to the alteration of the theory itself. Find another definition of theory. How is the definition you found similar to this book’s definition? How is it different? Kerlinger ( 1979 ) defines a theory as â€Å"a set of interconnected concepts ( variables ) . definitions. and propositions that presents a systematic position of phenomenon by stipulating dealingss among variables. with the intent of explicating natural phenomena† ( qtd in Creswell. 2002. p. 120 ) . As opposed to this Zikmund ( 1988 ) defines a theory as a â€Å"coherent set of general propositions used to explicate the evident relationships among certain ascertained phenomena† ( p. 41 ) . As can be seen above. both definitions note that a theory is composed of more abstract constituents in the signifier of propositions wherein each proposition is interrelated in such a manner that when combined together they formulate one coherent and systematic worldview. The difference of Kerlinger’s definition nevertheless may be traced to his add-on of what a theory is seeking to explicate that being ‘natural phenomena’ . Hence. Zikmund’s definition may be seen as showing a wide definition of a theory whereas Kerlinger narrows his definition by saying what a theory refers to. Mentions Boland. L. ( 1989 ) . The Methodology of Economic Model Building: Methodology After Samuelson. London: Routledge. Creswell. J. ( 2002 ) . Research Design: Qualitative. Quantitative. and Assorted Method Approaches. London: Sage. Landy. F. A ; J. Conte. ( 2006 ) . Work in the twenty-first Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. London: Routledge. Macionis. J. A ; K. Plummer. ( 2005 ) . Sociology: A Global Introduction. Neptunium: Pearson. Zikmund. W. ( 1988 ) . Business Research Methods. California: University of California Press.

UN Sanctions in Iraq essays

UN Sanctions in Iraq essays United Nations sanctions against Iraq, which were put in place after the Persian Gulf War, are hurting the people of Iraq rather than Saddam Hussein himself. Hussein is using the money he receives from illegal trade and programs to help the people of Iraq for his own personal use. The sanctions were originally created to force Hussein to stop building weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Hussein, however, still maintains these weapons and uses black-market money to develop them. With lack of a better plan, the sanctions are still in effect. The economic sanctions against Iraq began over ten years ago when the Iraqi army began to occupy Kuwait in 1990 (1). These sanctions were created so that Saddam Hussein would pull his troops out of Kuwait. But the UN forces, led by the United States, were able to rid Kuwait of the Iraqis prior to the sanctions having been fully enacted. Since Hussein continued to possess weapons of mass destruction, the sanctions were not lifted until he permitted UN inspectors to verify that he had destroyed these weapons. Hussein has yet to let the UN inspectors into Iraq, therefore, the sanctions are still being imposed. The original embargo banned all trade with Iraq and froze all Iraqi assets that existed overseas. Food and medical supplies were exempt from this embargo, but Iraq was unable to afford these products because it did not have any income from exports. The impact of the sanctions was magnified greatly because of the terrible infrastructure in Iraq. The infrastructure was damaged by war with Iran and the Persian Gulf War (1). The sanctions being imposed on Iraq are hurting the people rather than Saddam Hussein. For example, Basra is Iraqs second largest city and the electric power, when available, flickers on and off. It can take up to ten minutes for a telephone call to be connected. There is a thick layer of smoke covering the city because of jury-rigged gene...

Inspiring Quotes by Eleanor Roosevelt

Inspiring Quotes by Eleanor Roosevelt Married to her distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1905, Eleanor Roosevelt worked in settlement houses before focusing on supporting her husbands political career after he contracted poliomyelitis in 1921. Through the Depression and New Deal and then World War II, Eleanor Roosevelt traveled when her husband was less able to. Her daily column My Day in the newspaper broke with precedent, as did her press conferences and lectures. After FDRs death, Eleanor Roosevelt continued her political career, serving in the United Nations and helping create the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Selected Eleanor Roosevelt Quotations You gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing which you think you cannot do.No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.Remember always that you not only have the right to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one.The word liberal comes from the word free. We must cherish and honor the word free or it will cease to apply to us.When you know to laugh and when to look upon things as too absurd to take seriously, the other person is ashamed to carry through even if he was serious about it.It is not fair to ask of others what you are not willing to do yourself.What is to give light must endure the burning.Do what you feel in your heart to be right - for youll be criticized anyway. Youll be damned if you do, and damned if you dont.For it isnt enough to talk about peace. One must believe in it. And it isnt enough to believe in it. One must work at it.When all is said and done, and statesmen discuss the future of the world, the fact remains that people fight these wars. When will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery rather than avenge it?Friendship with oneself is all important because without it one cannot be friends with anybody else in the world.We all create the person we become by our choices as we go through life. In a real sense, by the time we are adults, we are the sum total of the choices we have made.I think that somehow, we learn who we really are and then live with that decision.The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.I say to the young: Do not stop thinking of life as an adventure. You have no security unless you can live bravely, excitingly, imaginatively.As for accomplishments, I just did what I had to do as things came along.I could not, at any age, be content to take my place by the fireside and simply look on. Life was meant to be lived. Curiosity must be kept alive. One must never, for whatever reason, turn his back on life.Do the things that interest you and do the m with all your heart. Dont be concerned about whether people are watching you or criticizing you. The chances are that they arent paying attention to you. Your ambition should be to get as much life out of living as you possibly can, as much enjoyment, as much interest, as much experience, as much understanding. Not simply be what is generally called a success.Too often the great decisions are originated and given form in bodies made up wholly of men, or so completely dominated by them that whatever of special value women have to offer is shunted aside without expression.Campaign behavior for wives: Always be on time. Do as little talking as humanly possible. Lean back in the parade car so everybody can see the president.It was a wifes duty to be interested in whatever interested her husband, whether it was politics, books, or a particular dish for dinner.We women are callow fledglings as compared with the wise old birds who manipulate the political machinery, and we still hesitate to believe that a woman can fill certain positions in public life as competently and adequately as a man.For instance, it is certain that women do not want a woman for President. Nor would they have the slightest confidence in her ability to fulfill the functions of that office.Every woman who fails in a public position confirms this, but every woman who succeeds creates confidence. [1932] No man is defeated without until he has first been defeated within.Marriages are two-way streets and when they are not happy both must be willing to adjust. Both must love.Its good to be middle-aged, things dont matter so much, you dont take it so hard when things happen to you that you dont like.You like to respect and admire someone whom you love, but actually, you love even more the people who require understanding and who make mistakes and have to grow with their mistakes.You cant move so fast that you try to change the mores faster than people can accept it. That doesnt mean you do nothing, but it means that you do the things that need to be done according to priority.It is neither unusual nor new for me to have Negro friends, nor is it unusual for me to have found my friends among all races and religions of people. [1953]The separation of church and state is extremely important to any of us who hold to the original traditions of our nation. To change these traditions by changin g our traditional attitude toward public education would be harmful, I think, to our whole attitude of tolerance in the religious area. Religious freedom cannot just mean Protestant freedom; it must be freedom of all religious people.Anyone who knows history, particularly the history of Europe, will, I think, recognize that the domination of education or of government by any one particular religious faith is never a happy arrangement for the people.A little simplification would be the first step toward rational living, I think.The more we simplify our material needs the more we are free to think of other things.One must even beware of too much certainty that the answer to lifes problems can only be found in one way and that all must agree to search for light in the same way and cannot find it in any other way.A mature person is one who is does not think only in absolutes, who is able to be objective even when deeply stirred emotionally, who has learned that there is both good and bad in all people and all things, and who walks humbly and deals charitably with the circumstances of life, knowing that in this world no o ne is all-knowing and therefore all of us need both love and charity. (from It Seems to Me 1954) It is essential to have the leadership of a young and energetic President if we are going to have a program of any validity, so let us look forward to a change in November and hope that youth and wisdom will be combined. (1960, looking forward to the election of John F. Kennedy)Too few of us think of the responsibility facing the man who will be President of the U.S. and of all its people on his inauguration, January 20. The crowds that have surrounded him during the past year, the feel he has had of the people who did support him all this will now seem far away as he sits down to appraise the whole situation before him.  (1960, November 14, after the election of John F. Kennedy)You rarely achieve finality. If you did, life would be over, but as you strive new visions open before you, new possibilities for the satisfaction of living.I consider those are rich who are doing something they feel worthwhile and which they enjoy doing.She would rather light candles than curse the darkne ss, and her glow has warmed the world. (Adlai Stevenson, about Eleanor Roosevelt) About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

Types of Forecasting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Types of Forecasting - Research Paper Example There is no one standard method of forecasting, the effectiveness of the method depends upon the nature of the business and its usefulness to it. (Render, Stair & Hanna. 2003) Forecasting is easier to perform in businesses which have historical data to follow. For a new business like the one John and Micheal are pursuing is a new business line for which no substantial historical data is available. Further the business with this new venture needs expansion in the scale of production along with the changes in the supply chain. Due to all these factors the forecasting needs to be done in a way which incorporates the changes in the business, its supply chain while reducing cost and increasing profits in the business. The quantitative methods would not be suitable to apply as no historical data on the same lines of business will be available because of the newness of the product in the markets and lack of competitors of the product. The approach Stone Horse Supply Company needs to follow will be forecasting in view of the supply chain which can meet customer’s requirement on time, save costs associated with inventories and earn profits in the future. Unlike the traditional supply chains in the past, the supply chains now focuses on the demand chains, that is greater focus is given on the customers and their needs. Demand forecasting can be done at Stone Horse Supply Company by determining the demand for the future and what level of sales could be achieved. There are many methods of forecasting through which sales and demand can be determined which all usually work on the historic data and underlying assumptions which can not be applied to the new venture Stone Horse Supply Company is going to undertake. (Lawrence, Geurts, & Guerard. 2002) a. Consumer Surveys/ Market Research: This approach is a systematic approach to gain an

Police and Government and Minority groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police and Government and Minority groups - Essay Example There have been cases when the problems have become magnified due to the wrong measures employed in treating the minorities, especially when it comes to law and order in the depressed or disadvantaged areas in the cities. These are highlighted by instances of abuses and discriminatory actions committed by the police against the members of minority groups in the poorer sections. It must be pointed out though that â€Å"these inequalities are based on both race and class, and the injustices suffered by racial and ethnic minorities at the hands of the police are a result of both discrimination and the disproportionate representation of minorities among the poor† (Webster, 2007, p.100). By considering this fact, the government’s handling of the police and their treatment of minority groups on the aspect of peace and order would be more appropriate. The conflicts that often arise between the law enforcement authorities and the minorities in the depressed areas are actually n ot solely based on the prevalence of crime there. It may be true that it is in such areas indeed where crimes are committed and where perceived criminals are often hiding out. However, if only the aspect of peace and order is taken into consideration, the larger issues of urban blight, poverty, racial inequalities would be taken for granted. Naturally, the more comprehensive role of the government would also be set aside in favor of relentless and systematic anti-crime campaigns by the police. From the perspective of the minority groups, this does not solve the problem but would only worsen it. The communities would develop the feeling that they have been singled out by the police for two reasons; they are minorities and they are poor. Therefore, instead of policing their own ranks and keeping their communities safe for themselves, they would unite in their conflict with the police. Weitzer and Tuch point out that â€Å"race plays a major role in shaping citizens’ attitudes and experiences with the police in the United States and other multiracial societies† (2006, p.5). According to them also, â€Å"blacks are more inclined than whites to believe that the police abuse citizens, treat minorities more harshly than whites, and are not held accountable for misconduct.† Then again, it must be reiterated that race in this regard is actually secondary to class. It is evident that the police are not prone to abuses even against blacks or any racial minority who are part of the city’s affluent sections. Since the related issues of race and poverty are behind the poor relations between the police and the minority communities in depressed areas, it is only appropriate that the government itself should formulate and implement a more holistic approach. It must put the problem of crime in these areas in the proper social and cultural context. Crimes are naturally the products of extreme poverty and joblessness. These are two concerns that are ob viously beyond the responsibilities of the law enforcement authorities. The local government should deal with this by carrying out projects that would deal with the twin problems of poverty and unemployment. At the first few stages of implementing such projects, the members of the communities may no be very enthusiastic about it, suspecting that there may be

Animal farm essay

Animal farm essay Animal Farm Essay Animal Farm by George Orwell is a compelling book that represents the Russian revolution. Although viewing through the eyes of animals may seem like a childish concept, George does well into making sure that the book carries out the message of revolution. I, t  believe that George showed that Animal Farm was influence of the Russian revolution by the naming of the naming of the three pigshe condition of the farm, and because of the storys plot. Many of the animals in Animal Farm show some sort of connection with the Russian revolution. Most animals either represent a group of people, or an in/famous person. As the story starts to evolve from the rebellion to the Battle for the Windmill, the reader notices how the animals start to change. When Mr. Jones gets expelled for the farm, 3 smart pigs take of the farm: Squealer, Snowball, and Napoleon. These three animals all represent dictators the had a part in the Russian revolution. The most significant part about the names given to the pigs is that they all symbolize the dictators perfectly. Napoleon was a tough, fierce looking boar but was not much of a talker. This would symbolize Vladimir Lenin., the man who took the place as dictator after Tsar Nikolas II stepped down. Squealers name was the identity of Joseph Stalin, the man who kept on stalling the people by giving quick, persuasive speeches on how Lenin was improving the country. Snowball is then given to Trotsky because like Snowball, Trotsky split up with Lenin. In Animal Farm, these three pigs basically reenact what took place during the Russian revolution: betrayal, propaganda, and communism. Perhaps the best device Orwell used here was how he portrayed the three dictators as pigs, which shows how the name and appearance of the characters in this book are significant and related to the revolution. A reason I believe Animal Farm is about the Russian Revolution, was the choice of naming for the pigs During the whole book, Animal Farm was in very poor condition. During the beginning, Manor farm was a horrid place to live: with little food and lots of work everyday, it portrayed what Russia looked like during the time of revolution. Only during the early stages of the revolution was the economy slightly better than once before. Each time that Orwell describes the farm, it is always in a different condition, one which usually matched the condition of Russia. When Napoleon was ruling, the farm was in great economic trouble: the animals were always hungry while the pigs and dogs had enough to eat. This shows that the economy did not actually improve the animals lives, but instead started to benefit the other, higher members of society which is exactly what the Russian revolution resulted in. The condition of the house was a symbol of Russias state which shows how Animal Farm is connected with the Russian revolution. The final way that Orwell connects both Animal Farm and the Russian revolution, was by the plot of the story. During the entire book, all of the events that took place had at least some little significance with the Russian revolution. When Napoleon oppressed the animals by killing them, it was portraying what was known as Bloody Sunday. At the beginning of the novel, when Old Major is giving the speech about rebellion, it was all inspired by the old man known as Karl Marx. Even the event in which Mollie leaves shows the connection between the two. The easiest event to determine the the two, was most likely the scene were Boxer is taking away. If you think back to the revolution and back to Boxers motto ( I will try harder), you can easily see the Boxer is representing Russias working class. Because Russias working class was so loyal to Napoleon, most of them ended up for worse then before, and even worse, is the fact that Napoleon tossed away these people as if they were tools. The e xact same can be said for the Russian revolution. Lenin abused his people and Orwell demonstrates it very clearly and profoundly. I believe that George showed that Animal Farm was influence of the Russian revolution by the naming of the naming of the three pigs, the condition of the farm, and because of the storys plot. By renaming and reassigning of few characters and events, George Orwell has described the revolution into a book that can is comprehensive to both little kids and young adults.

Corporate Finance Essay

Introduction In 2001, the Tulsa, Oklahoma, Williams Company was in financial distress. The primarily energy-industry company was struggling with a shrinking energy trading market, which was marked by distressed entities such as Enron’s broadband unit and Global Crossing. Williams also suffered internally with a floundering telecommunications division and a plummeting stock price. These issues led credit rating agencies Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s to downgrade the credit rating of Williams’ bonds to the level of non-investment-grade junk bonds. Amidst all of this uncertainty, the company on January 21, 2002, announced a new CEO, Steven J. Malcolm. Malcolm realized one of the most important functions for Williams moving forward would be raising capital. Malcolm’s four-pronged plan to achieve this goal involved selling assets, reaching a resolution for its energy and trading book, managing and monitoring cash and businesses and â€Å"right-sizing† Williams to reflect the new scope of operations. However, Williams had a substantial amount of short-term and long-term debt maturing in the second half of 2002. In addition, its credit and commercial paper facilities needed to be renewed about the same time. With approximately $450 million dollars of cash on hand and only one undrawn revolving credit facility, Williams sought external financing to help meet its current cash flow needs. One group of investors led by Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway along with Lehman Brothers offered Williams a solution with a one-year $900 million loan. Under the terms of the agreement, each lender would loan $450 million to Williams Production RMT, a Williams subsidiary, whose major assets included natural gas properties in the Rocky Mountains. In addition to the repayment of the principal in one year, Williams would pay 5.8 percent interest quarterly and an additional 14 percent of the principal at maturity plus a â€Å"deferred setup fee.† The deferred setup fee would be equivalent to the greater of 15 percent of the principal or 21 percent of the purchase price less RMT’s indebtedness. This would be influenced by any further asset liquidation by RMT. The loan, guaranteed by Williams Company as well as certain subsidiaries, also contained several covenants that Williams must meet to avoid breach of contract. The positive covenants included maintaining an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.5 to 1 and maintaining a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.15 to 1. Negative covenants limited restrictive payments (including redemption of capital stock) and capital expenditures in excess of $300 million. Thorough evaluation of the terms and lending scenario reveals this loan would create a beneficial scenario not just for the lenders, but for the borrower as well. For Williams, the loan provided temporary relief from multiple short-term debt security maturations and enhanced the company’s ability to secure a credit facility of $700 million. This would likely be followed by favorable market reactions in the form of increased stock price as a result of decreased uncertainty of future cash flows. Also, any Buffett investments in Williams would signal a strong endorsement of the company’s future prospects, likely leading to increases in Williams’ stock price. Likewise, for Berkshire Hathaway and Lehman Brothers, this deal should supply high returns on investment. Assuming the loan would be held to maturity, the lenders would divide returns of approximately 34% on this loan. Given that Williams guaranteed the loan, backing it with asset and capital stock, such returns on this risk would be a huge win for both lenders. Although the risk-free rate would be necessary to determine the exact net present value of the investment opportunity facing Berkshire Hathaway and Lehman Brothers, sufficient information is available to find the project’s internal rate of return. The IRR for this agreement ranges between 11.87% and 13.01%. The return on investment (ROI) for this particular agreement ranges between 52% and 58%. In either case, the numbers range because of provision (c) listed in the case’s Exhibit 1. The â€Å"deferred setup fee† fluctuates depending on potential sales of RMT’s assets. Terms of the proposed financing Guarantees Those involved in the lending process establish financing terms to protect the positions of all parties. The debt guarantee in Williams’ proposed financing, for example, provided insurance for the repayment of debt. Williams would essentially act as a co-signer for Williams Production RMT’s obligations to Berkshire Hathaway and Lehman Brothers. Per the terms, Williams would have to agree to make payments in place of Williams Production RMT if any of the payments were late or not paid. Using a guarantor would allow Williams Production RMT access to a loan at a lower interest rate than if Williams had not secured the loan. The logic behind this is that two individuals or entities promising to pay back the debt means there is lessened risk for overall default. That means Berkshire and Lehman may be willing to accept a lower interest rate in return for less risk of loss. It is quite possible that Williams Production RMT would not have been able to obtain a loan without a gu arantee. Covenants Equity and debt investors have a somewhat adversarial position, though both want a company to succeed. Equity investors want the company to take a certain amount of risk so they have the chance of seeing large returns. Debt investors want a company to be more conservative to protect the issuer and to ensure that the company will repay its debts. Like many other companies, Williams’ top priority, however, is to maximize stockholder wealth. This creates a dilemma in a debt offering. Berkshire Hathaway and Lehman Brothers therefore use debt covenants to limit the amount of risk Williams can take in the hopes that the company’s actions will not endanger loan repayment. Collectively, these covenants outline the rights of the lenders and restrictions upon Williams in regards to the loan. When a company does not live up to its debt covenant, it breaches the contract. In theory, such action would trigger automatic payment to creditors. In reality, however, many companies default because they are not in good financial health and thus cannot pay. Therefore, breach of covenant usually means that the two parties renegotiate the terms of the debt, often calling for higher interest rates or other incentives for the issuer to allow Williams more time to pay. Williams’ financial problem During the first half of 2002, Williams suffered a number of financial difficulties. The company’s total cash flow decreased by 680.22 percent as compared with 2001. During the year, Williams’ only net positive cash inflows came from financing, which netted the company $1.061 billion. In contrast to cash inflows, the company’s outflows totaled $1.589 billion from operations and investing. Overall, the decrease can largely be attributed to the decrease in cash flow from operations, which amounted to a decrease of $2.566 billion. Specific to operations, much to blame is the company’s decrease in working capital of $879 million. To adjust for this decrease in cash flows, the company liquidated a number of assets in 2002. The most valuable included the Kern River and Williams pipelines, which generated immediate cash proceeds of $1.124 billion. The question remained, however, as to how Williams would be able to find a way to pay debts of $2.347 billion within the next year and eventually long-term debts of $11.972 billion. In May 2002, the firm sold another $1.7 billion in assets and announced its intention to sell an $1.5 to $3 billion in assets. Previously, in December 2001, Williams planned to cut its 2002 capital spending by 25 percent or $1 billion to bolster its balance sheet. Williams also issued $1 billion in equity-linked securities called FELINE PACS and decided to cut its dividend by 95 percent. While seemingly drastic measures, the negative total cash flow of $619 million reveals that reducing dividend payments and selling off two major sources of operating income was not sufficient for Williams to dig itself out from under its debt obligations without independent financial assistance. Signs of distress It was clear that Williams was in deep. Though the signs of distress were many, the most noticeable was that the company’s cash flows were insufficient to meet its short-term debt. Unless the company continued to take drastic action, it could have found itself entering into bankruptcy proceedings within the next year. Another concerning sign included that in 2002, Williams’ 95 percent decrease in dividend payments and its more than 90 percent decrease in stock price should have indicated that the firm was struggling. Particularly striking was the fact that dividend disbursements had been increasing for the prior 10 years and that Williams Communications stock closed at a mere $0.01 per share on July 31, 2002. Williams also sent strongly negative signals with its 2002 sales of its Kern River and Williams pipelines. Although these netted the company immediate cash amounting to $1.124 billion, the sale was made at the sacrifice of substantial cash inflows, suggesting this was an act of desperation. Investors weren’t the only ones receiving signs of Williams’ distress. Credit agencies also observed uncertainty in Williams’ future, as indicated by the company’s fluctuating credit ratings. With Williams in July 2002 settling at a B+ Standard & Poor’s long-term credit rating, the company saw resulting increases in bond yields. Whereas Williams had bond yields of approximately 7 percent in December 2001, its yields fell just under 20 percent in July 2002, further complicating its situation. Recommendation Williams’ plight left it with few options for restoring its financial solvency, and most were of limited feasibility. Williams could have issued additional equity at the then current stock price of $2.95 per share, though this would dilute the company’s current share base. In addition, most companies only hold seasoned equity offerings when they believe their stock is overpriced. Considering that Williams’ stock price had fallen by more than 90%, Williams should not consider an equity offering. The company also could have issued more bonds. This option was not feasible, however, due to the company’s credit downgrade.With Standard & Poor’s rating the company a B+ in July 2002, Williams would have to issue many bonds and pay a substantial yield amounting to just under 20 percent per annum. Williams also could have sold assets. Since Williams had already sold close to $3.0 billion in assets, however, selling more could damage the company’s ability to generate operating cash flows. Though Berkshire and Lehman presented an opportunity, most lenders were hesitant to provide Williams capital due to the company’s financial turmoil. This large, 35 percent interest loan appears to have the most favorable terms possible for Williams in its last-ditch effort to save itself. The real winner here, however, would be Berkshire Hathaway and Lehman Brothers, both of whom would glean a lucrative return on their investment, given it is successful. Williams, on the other hand, should agree to the loan only because it has no other feasible options.

United Technologie Essay Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2490 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Technology Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction There is a growing body of evidence available in the published literature that suggests that anthropogenic activities are the primary cause of global warming and the subsequent climate change that has occurred and will occur due to global warming (Solomon et al., 2009). The increasing international agreement has resulted in a general consensus that there is a global need to coordinate the responses to the global threat that anthropogenic activities pose regarding negative environmental impacts (Ostrom, 2010). In order to adequately address the negative environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities it is necessary to understand how the aforesaid activities interact with the environment to enable the development of appropriate solutions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "United Technologie Essay Example For Free" essay for you Create order However, the acknowledgement of the current global environmental issues and the need for comprehensive action does not necessarily translate to strategic responses worldwide. There are many different aspects to the global response to environmental issues, one of which is the subject of this essay. The particular aspect of the global response that is considered in this essay is the adoption of environmental technologies: in particular, what determines the successful adoption of environmental technologies? The adoption of environmental technologies is a pivotal aspect of mitigating the impact of anthropogenic activities on the environment. This is due to the fact that it is unlikely that societies will regress to the point where the continuation of day-to-day existence will cease to impact negatively upon the environment. Features of modern living such as electricity consumption and the use of automobiles are unlikely to cease in the near future. Therefore in order to reduce the neg ative impact of the global society on the environment it is necessary to reduce the impact of everyday activities by substituting technologies that are harmful to the environment with technologies that at the very least reduce the environmental degradation if not cease it completely (Bergman and Eyre, 2011). It is a given that there is a global comprehension regarding how anthropogenic activities are degrading the environment, yet there has not been a cessation of the use of environmentally damaging technologies. Therefore the question that is asked within this essay is what determines the successful adoption of environmental technologies? If an answer to this question can be determined then it may be possible to use the findings to promote the adoption of environmental technologies on an increasingly widespread basis and thereby reduce the potential environmental degradation that is associated with the current level of technology use. The following paragraphs will discuss asp ects of the successful adoption of environmental technology. The factor of scale The level at which technologies are adopted is likely to have a substantial influence on the successful adoption of environmental technology. The scale of the levels at which technology is adopted run from the household level, the community level and the national level up to the international level. At each level there will be different dominant influencing factors that determine whether the adoption of environmental technology will be successful. However, it is also important to differentiate between which of these levels is likely to have the most influence over the other levels. For example, it is unlikely that the household level will have a significant influence over whether an environmental technology will be successfully adopted or not. This is because of the influence that will be had by those in control at the levels above the household level (i.e. all other levels). There will be a limited influence at the household level, for example in government responses to the desire of populations; however this influence is unlikely to be substantial overall. The National Scale It is much more likely that the national government will have a greater controlling influence over the successful adoption of environmental technologies than those individuals at the household level. This is due to the fact that the national governments set the policies and regulations for the country as a whole: an ideal method for expressing support or a lack of support for particular technologies (Jacobsson and Lauber, 2006). For example, the use of solar thermal technology as a means of producing hot water at the household level only became popular in the United Kingdom when the United Kingdom government introduced policy that was supportive of the use of solar thermal energy at the household level with the introduction of grants and supportive policies. A specific example is when the United Kingdom introduced the low carbon buildings programme which resulted in 3,000 solar thermal installations in the first two years; however the government subsequently reduced the grant fundi ng that was available for this programme and there was a corresponding drop in the number of solar thermal installations that were implemented (Bergman and Jardine, 2009). Overall, the adoption of renewable energy systems at the household level in the United Kingdom is low (Caird et al., 2008). The previous example demonstrates the extent of control that the national government possess in regards to the uptake and the successful adoption of environmental technology, although it should be noted that to some extent the policies of the government are likely to reflect the desires of the population, particularly in democratic nations. The increasing popularity and support among the general population for environmentally friendly technologies will go some way towards encouraging the governments to be supportive of environmental technologies. For example, there are numerous environmental groups, such as Greenpeace, that campaign for governments to introduce more extensive legislation to p rotect the environment from degradation, one aspect of which is the use of environmental technologies (Gough and Shackley, 2001). Thus it can be seen that the national government policies and legislation can be a key factor that can be highly influential in terms of the successful adoption of environmental technologies. It is not just the current government policies that can potentially be highly influential for the successful adoption of environmental technologies. The historical policies and technology use patterns can also have a substantial influence over the success of environmental technologies. For example, in Denmark the use of environmental technology to harness the wind for electricity generation has been occurring since the early 1900s, and in 1918 3% of the electricity needs of Denmark were generated by windmills (Beise and Rennings, 2005). This early adoption of harnessing wind for energy generation is most likely the primary reason for the extensive use of wind turb ines in Denmark in comparison to other countries (see figure 1). It should also be noted that Denmark had a more prolific use of wind turbines significantly earlier than many other countries (see figure 1). In comparison to Denmark, the United Kingdom utilises relatively little of the potential energy that they could generate from their wind resources (see figure 1). This is not because the environmental technology is not developed it can be seen from the successful implementation of wind turbines in other countries that the technology is fit for purpose, and the United Kingdom government is known to be supportive to the use of renewable energy technologies. Therefore there must be some other reason why there is relatively low exploitation of wind resources in the United Kingdom. One potential reason is the dislike of the wind turbine infrastructure that has been expressed by many organisations and individuals that inhabit areas near to proposed turbine sites (Jones and Eiser, 2 010). Another reason may also be the difference in policies to encourage the use of wind technologies between the United Kingdom and Denmark. Denmark has operated a policy based on the principle of renewable energy feed tariffs, whereas the United Kingdom has operated a policy termed bidding systems (Beise and Rennings, 2005). When examined in closer detail, studies have found that the renewable energy feed tariffs, such as that used by Denmark, are far superior to that of the bidding system in terms of promoting the proliferation and thus successful adoption of environmental technologies that are used for energy generation (Beise and Rennings, 2005). Figure 1. The extent of exploitation of wind for energy generation as a percentage of the total potential energy generation from wind (Beise and Rennings, 2005 p. 10). Thus it can be concluded that whilst the policy of the governing body is a key factor in the uptake of environmental technology at the national level, not all government policies are created equal. As is the case with wind energy in Denmark and the United Kingdom, both governments have policies in place that are meant to support the adoption of technology that allows the generation of energy from wind; however it is apparent that the Danish policy has enabled a greater adoption of the technology than the United Kingdom policy. The International Scale International policy is also likely to have an influence on the potential success of environmental technology adoption. There is a growing body of international treaties that are signed by numerous nations that detail the need for global action to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the environment. An example of these treaties is the Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto protocol is an international agreement regarding the issues of global warming and climate change, within which the signatory nations agree to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly those that are carbon-based, with the aim of achieving eventually atmospheric levels that are equal to a 1990 base level (Manne and Richels, 2000). Several methods have been introduced by the signatory countries to achieve this, including the introduction of regulations that require the limiting of emissions. In order to limit emissions from processes that previously would have emitted greenhouse gases, new environm ental technologies have to be introduced that either do not emit these gases or capture the gases before emission. However, it is not just the signatory countries which have agreed to limit their emissions that have introduced new environmental technology adoption (again through the medium of government policy and regulation), but also some countries which are not required to actively reduce their emissions (due to their development status) that have introduced environmental technologies to achieve this aim for example China (Fang et al., 2001). China has made significant gains in reducing their emissions of greenhouse gases by introducing the successful adoption of environmental technologies through policies and regulations. Indeed, the emissions reductions of China could potentially exceed those of the countries required under the Kyoto protocol to reduce their emissions (Zhang, 2010). It is possible that the driving factors for the adoption of the new environmental technologi es in China are due to a combination of the relatively extreme impact on the environment that anthropogenic activities have precipitated in China, a desire to increase their economic growth, and an additional desire to operate in the global market (Liu and Feng, 2011). The adoption of environmental technology in China is a relatively new occurrence. Previously the focus in China was on economic growth, with little concern for the environmental impact: therefore there was little to no environmental regulations in place with few incentives for the adoption of environmental technologies (Zhang, 2010). This is an issue that was noted in a study that was conducted by Popp (2010), who suggested that the proliferation of environmental technology is intrinsically linked to the proliferation of environmental regulations. Therefore a country that has poor environmental regulations is highly likely to not have seen the successful adoption of environmental technology. In a similar vein, a st udy conducted by Costantini and Crespi (2008) concluded that when environmental regulations are more extensive and stringent, there is an increase in the investments that are made in environmental technologies, thereby likely increasing the successful adoption of environmental technologies as the technologies mature and become more generally regarded as reliable. Conclusions In conclusion, it was found that there is an intrinsic link between policy and regulations, be it on an international or a national level, and the successful adoption of environmental technologies. Whilst it was found that there were also other factors that could potentially influence the successful adoption of environmental technologies, these factors were considered to be incidental when compared to the influence of policy and regulations. The influence of policy and regulations on the successful adoption of environmental technology is suggested to occur because the regulations and legislation of governing bodies are not something that can easily be ignored without repercussions; thus it could be said that this method of introduction to the option of environmental technology is not a choice, but rather forces individuals, communities and businesses to implement environmental technologies in their homes and workplaces. The link between policy and the successful adoption of envi ronmental technologies was further highlighted when considering developing countries such as China. Prior to the introduction of environmental policies there was little to no proliferation of environmental technology within China it was only subsequent to policy changes that environmental technologies began to be adopted. Therefore in order to support the adoption of environmental technologies it is of extreme importance that the national policies of the governing bodies are supportive of environmental technologies in order to reduce the environmental degradation caused by anthropogenic activities. References Beise, M., Rennings, K. (2005). Lead markets and regulation: a framework for analyzing the international diffusion of environmental innovations. Ecological economics, 52(1), 5-17. Bergman, N., Jardine, C. (2009). Power from the people: domestic microgeneration and the Low Carbon Building Programme, ECI Research Report 34. University of Oxford, Environmental Change Institute. Available online at: www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/bergmanjardine09powerpeople.pdf (Accessed 01/2015). Bergman, N., Eyre, N. (2011). What role for microgeneration in a shift to a low carbon domestic energy sector in the UK?. Energy Efficiency, 4(3), 335-353. Caird, S., Roy, R., Herring, H. (2008). Improving the energy performance of UK households: Results from surveys of consumer adoption and use of low-and zero-carbon technologies. Energy Efficiency, 1(2), 149-166. Costantini, V., Crespi, F. (2008). Environmental regulation and the export dynamics of energy technologies. Ecological Ec onomics, 66(2), 447-460. Fang, J., Chen, A., Peng, C., Zhao, S., Ci, L. (2001). Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998. Science, 292(5525), 2320-2322. Gough, C., Shackley, S. (2001). The respectable politics of climate change: the epistemic communities and NGOs. International Affairs, 77(2), 329-346. Jacobsson, S., Lauber, V. (2006). The politics and policy of energy system transformationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology. Energy policy, 34(3), 256-276. Jones, C. R., Eiser, J. R. (2010). Understanding local opposition to wind development in the UK: How big is a backyard?. Energy Policy, 38(6), 3106-3117. Liu, C Feng, Y.. (2011). Low-carbon economy: theoretical study and development path choice in China. Energy Procedia, 5, 487-493. Manne, A. S., Richels, R. G. (2000). The Kyoto Protocol: a cost-effective strategy for meeting environmental objectives?. In Efficiency and equity of cl imate change policy (pp. 43-61). Springer Netherlands. Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 550-557. Popp, D. (2010). Exploring links between innovation and diffusion: adoption of NOx control technologies at US coal-fired power plants. Environmental and Resource Economics, 45(3), 319-352. Solomon, S., Plattner, G. K., Knutti, R., Friedlingstein, P. (2009). Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106:6, pp. 1704-1709. Zhang, Z. (2010). China in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Energy Policy, 38(11), 6638-6653.

The Industrial Revolution Was a Time of New Methods of...

The Industrial Revolution began in late 1700s England. It was a time of new methods of work, inventions, products, and more job availabilities. Thus it was one of the most important moments in history, and it changed the world as it was known. This resulted in the many successes of the 20th and 21st century. Without it, there would never have been all the technology and inventions we now have today such as computers, phones, cameras, or all the new and improved medicines. Agriculture was no longer the main business, as factories started popping up all everywhere. This made the job industry what it is today. Also while the Industrial Revolution was a great turning point in the history of humanity, the results and conditions led to a lot of†¦show more content†¦None of them were educated, and some of them couldn’t read or write! He also said that the children were frequently strapped. This meant that if the children weren’t paying attention they were beaten. Even though the work was really tough the outcome was pretty great. Through time all their hard work was eventually paid off and the workers got a lot of luxuries in return. One positive effect was the luxuries the factory workers received for their hard work. In The Man’s Working Companion in Document 4 it states due to all the hard the work was getting done so quick and all the money that was earned the workers got homes that were built nicely, their clothes were cheaper and nicer, they received many domestic utensils a, and traveling was quicker and cheaper. This made their lives outside the factories much more simple and luxurious. This is what really caught the eye of other people; they wanted to be a part of the easy life. So they became a part of the population and more work got done and more money was made. 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